Complete both FRQ questions. Keep our guidelines in mind...
1. In the United States political system, there are several linkage institutions that can connect citizens to government. Elections constitute one such institution. Because of low voter turnout, elections represent an imperfect method of linking citizens to their government. Even when there is low voter turnout, however, other linkage institutions can connect citizens to government.
(a) Describe how each of the following is related to the likelihood of voting.
• Age
• Education
(b) Identify one current government electoral requirement that decreases voter turnout. Explain how it decreases
voter turnout.
(c) Identify one linkage institution other than elections and explain two ways it connects citizens to government.
2. “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, 1870
Despite the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, voter turnout among African American citizens was very low throughout the first half of the twentieth century. Over the past 50 years, civil rights policies have changed substantially, along with a significant increase in African American voter turnout.
(a) Explain how two measures taken by some states prior to the 1960s affected voter turnout among African American citizens.
(b) Facing discrimination at the voting booth, many African American citizens turned to alternative forms of political participation. Describe
two alternative forms of participation that helped bring about changes in civil rights policies.
(c) Choose one of the forms of participation you described in (b) and explain why it was effective in changing civil rights policies.
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